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Housing quality and health outcomes in the United States are inextricably linked. As a matter of U.S. public health, substandard housing is associated with outcomes such as injury, respiratory infections, heavy metal (e.g. lead) poisoning and asthma.〔Krieger, J., & Higgins, D., ''Housing and health: Time again for public health action'', American Journal of Public Health, pp. 758-768 (2002)〕 It may also be associated with mental disability and with obesity and its related morbidities. ==Introduction== According to the World Health Organization (WHO), housing should provide: * protection against communicable diseases, * protection against injury, poisoning, and chronic diseases, * and reduce psychological and social stresses to a minimum.〔''Health principles of housing'', World Health Organization, Geneva (1990). Retrieved October 28, 2011 from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/1989/9241561270_eng.pdf〕 The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) 2007 American Housing Survey determined that 6 million households live with moderate or severe physical housing problems. Homes that are lacking toilets, have faulty or unreliable heating systems, or have exposed electrical wiring do not protect inhabitants from disease and injury and can cause serious psychological stress are categorized as being "severe" housing problems.〔 "Moderate" housing problems are things such as having unvented gas, oil, or kerosene as the primary heating source, or lacking a kitchen sink. Again, the lack of commonplace appliances like a furnace or sink can expose inhabitants to diseases and injury. The U.S. Census Bureau gathers data on several factors related to the housing: plumbing, heating, hallways, upkeep, electric service and kitchen equipment.〔Schwartz, A. F., ''Housing Policy in the United States'' (2010).〕〔Routledge. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, American Housing Survey (2007). Retrieved from U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development: http://www.huduser.org/DATASETS/ahs/ahsdata07.html〕 As many as 24 million households have lead-based paint hazards. Maintenance and upkeep of public and low-income housing remains a major issue, leading to chronic problems of water infiltration, pest infestation and unsafe physical conditions.〔 The disproportionate burden of these problems falls to children, the elderly and those with chronic illnesses, and minorities.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Housing quality and health outcomes in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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